Impact of exogenous application of salicylic acid on the drought-stress tolerance in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD student, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran

2 Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran

Abstract

To investigate the effect of drought stress on the physiological and chemical properties of the sweet pepper and the impact of the foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) on alleviating the negative effects of this stress, a factorial experiment was carried out using a completely randomized design in the greenhouse conditions. Drought stress levels were 100% field capacity (as control), moderate stress (60% field capacity), and severe stress (30% field capacity). Foliar SA was also applied at three concentrations of 0 (as control), 0.5, and 1 mM when the plants were at the four-leaf stage. The results showed that drought reduced shoot and root fresh weight and dry weight, relative leaf water content, fruit length and diameter, chlorophyll index, and leaf area, and increased electrical conductivity, antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content, ascorbate, polyphenol oxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase. After foliar of application SA, electrical conductivity decreased and other above-mentioned characteristics increased, however, the increase in shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, and chlorophyll index was not significant. From the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that SA alleviates the negative effects of drought stress in pepper.

Keywords


Abbaspour J and Ehsanpour A, 2016. The impact of salicylic acid on some physiological responses of Artemisia aucheri Boiss under in vitro drought stress. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica 107(2): 287-298.
Abe N, Murata T, and Hirota A, 1998. Novel DPPH radical scavengers, bisorbicillinol and demethyltrichodimerol, from a fungus. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 62(4): 661-666.
Agati G and Tattini M, 2010. Multiple functional roles of flavonoids in photoprotection. New Phytologist 186(4): 786-793.
Alam MM, Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, and Fujita M, 2013. Exogenous salicylic acid ameliorates short-term drought stress in mustard (Brassica juncea L.) seedlings by up-regulating the antioxidant defense and glyoxalase system. Australian Journal of Crop Science 7(7): 1053-1063.
Belkadhi A, De Haro A, Obregon S, Chaıbi W, and Djebali W, 2015. Positive effects of salicylic acid pretreatment on the composition of flax plastidial membrane lipids under cadmium stress. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 22: 1457-1467.
Bianco L, Serra V, Larcher F, and Perino M, 2017. Thermal behaviour assessment of a novel vertical greenery module system: first results of a long-term monitoring campaign in an outdoor test cell. Energy Efficiency 10(3): 625-638.
Boeckx T, Winters AL, WebbK J, and Kingston-Smith AH, 2015. Polyphenol oxidase in leaves: is there any significance to the chloroplastic localization? Journal of Experimental Botany 66(12): 3571-3579.
Bosland PW and Votava EJ, 2000. Peppers: vegetable and spice capsicums. Crop Production Science in Horticulture 12. CAB International Publishing, Wallingford, England, UK.
Caverzan A, Piasecki C, Chavarria G, Stewart CN, and Vargas L., 2019. Defenses against ROS in crops and weeds: the effects of interference and herbicides. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20(5): 1086.
Cutt JR and Klessig DF, 1992. Salicylic acid in plants: a changing perspective. Pharmaceutical Technology 16: 25-34.
Deshmukh PS, Sairam RK, and Shukla DS, 1991. Measurement of ion leakage as a screening technique for drought resistance in wheat genotypes. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology 34(1): 89-91.
Efeoglu B, Ekmekci Y, and Cicek N, 2009. Physiological responses of three maize cultivars to drought stress and recovery. South African Journal of Botany 75(1): 34-42.
Fahad S, Bajwa AA, Nazir U, Anjum SA, Farooq A, Zohaib A, Sadia S, Nasim W, Adkins S, Saud S, Ihsan MZ, Alharby H, Wu C, Wang D, and Huang J, 2017. Crop production under drought and heat stress: plant responses and management options. Frontiers in Plant Science 8: 1147.
Fariduddin Q, Hayat S, and Ahmad A, 2003. Salicylic acid influences net photosynthetic rate, carboxylation efficiency, nitrate reductase activity, and seed yield in Brassica juncea. Photosynthetica 41(2): 281-284.
Farooq M, Wahid A, Kobayashi N, Fujita D, and Basra SMA, 2009. Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 29: 185-212.
Guo Z, Ou W, Lu S, and Zhong Q, 2006. Differential responses of antioxidative system to chilling and drought in four rice cultivars differing in sensitivity. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 44(11-12): 828-836.
Gupta NK, Gupta S, and Kumar A, 2000. Exogenous cytokinin application increases cell membrane and chlorophyll stability in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).  Cereal Research Communications 28(3): 287-291.
Habibi G, 2012. Exogenous salicylic acid alleviates oxidative damage of barley plants under drought stress. Acta Biologica Szegediensis 56(1): 57-63.
Harper JR and Balke NE, 1981. Characterization of the inhibition of K+ absorption in oats roots by salicylic acid. Plant Physiology 68: 1349-1353.
Hayat S, Ali B, and Ahmad A, 2007. Salicylic acid: biosynthesis, metabolism and physiological role in plants. In: Hayat S and Ahmad A (eds.). Salicylic acid-a plant hormone. Springer, The Netherlands.
Hayat Q, Hayat S, Irfan M, Ahmad A, 2010. Effect of exogenous salicylic acid under changing environment: a review. Environmental and Experimental Botany 68: 14-25.
Hussein MM, Balbaa LK, and Gaballah MS, 2007. Salicylic acid and salinity effects on growth of maize plants.  Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 3(4): 321-328.
Kadioğlu A, Saruhan N, Saglam A, Terzi R, and Acet T, 2011. Exogenous salicylic acid alleviates effects of long term drought stress and delays leaf rolling by inducing antioxidant system. Plant Growth Regulation 64(1): 27-37.
Kähkönen MP, Hopia AI, Vuorela HJ, Rauha JP, Pihlaja K, Kujala TS, and Heinonen M, 1999. Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing phenolic compounds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 47(10): 3954-3962.
Kang GZ, Wang ZX, and Sun GC, 2003. Participation of H2O2 in enhancement of cold chilling by salicylic acid in banana seedlings. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 45(5): 567-573.
Khalil N, Fekry M, Bishr M, El-Zalabani S, and Salama O, 2018. Foliar spraying of salicylic acid induced accumulation of phenolics, increased radical scavenging activity and modified the composition of the essential oil of water stressed Thymus vulgaris L. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 123: 65-74.
Khan MIR, Fatma M, Per TS, Anjum NA, and Khan NA, 2015. Salicylic acid-induced abiotic stress tolerance and underlying mechanisms in plants. Frontiers in Plant Science 6: 462.
Khazaei Z and Estaji A, 2020. Effect of foliar application of ascorbic acid on sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants under drought stress. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 42(118).
Koo YM, Heo AY, and Choi HW, 2020. Salicylic acid as a safe plant protector and growth regulator. The Plant Pathology Journal 36(1): 1-10.
Korkmaz A, Uzunlu M, and Demirkiran AR, 2007. Treatment with acetyl salicylic acid protects muskmelon seedlings against drought stress. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 29(6): 503-508.
Krantev A, Yordanova R, Janda T, Szalai G, and Popova L, 2008. Treatment with salicylic acid decreases the effect of cadmium on photosynthesis in maize plants. Journal of Plant Physiology 165(9): 920-931.
Kraus TE and Fletcher RA, 1994. Paclobutrazol protects wheat seedlings from heat and paraquat injury: is detoxification of active oxygen involved? Plant Cell Physiology 35: 45-52.
Liu Z, Ding Y, Wang F, Ye Y, and Zhu C, 2016. Role of salicylic acid in resistance to cadmium stress in plants. Plant Cell Reports 35(4): 719-731.
Luwe MWF, Takahama U, and Heber U, 1993. Role of ascorbate in detoxifying ozone in the apoplast of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves. Plant Physiology 101(3): 969-976.
Mittler R, 2002. Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends in Plant Science 7: 405-410.
Munné-Bosch S and Penuelas J, 2003. Photo and antioxidative protection, and a role for salicylic acid during drought and recovery in field grown Phillyrea angustifolia plants. Planta 217: 758-766.
Nakano Y and Asada K, 1981. Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant and Cell Physiology 22(5): 867-880.
Navrot N, Rouhier N, Gelhaye E, and Jacquot JP, 2007. Reactive oxygen species generation and antioxidant systems in plant mitochondria. Plant Physiology 129(1): 185-195.
Nonami H, 1998. Plant water relations and control of cell elongation at low water potentials. International Journal of Plant Research 111(3): 373-382.
Phimchan P, Techawongstien S, Chanthai S, and Bosland PW, 2012. Impact of drought stress on the accumulation of capsaicinoids in Capsicum cultivars with different initial capsaicinoid levels. HortScience 47(9): 1204-1209.
Qados AMA, 2015. Effects of salicylic acid on growth, yield and chemical contents of pepper (Capsicum Annuum L) plants grown under salt stress conditions. The International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 8(2): 107-113.
Rajasekaran LR and Blake TJ, 1999. New plant growth regulators protect photosynthesis and enhance growth under drought of jack pine seedlings. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 18:175-181.
Razavizadeh R, Adabavazeh F, Rostami F, and Teimouri A, 2017. Comparative study of osmotic stress effects on the defense mechanisms and secondary metabolites in Carum copticum seedling and callus. Journal of Plant Process and Function 5(18): 23-33.
Sakhabutdinova AR, Fatkhutdinova DR, Bezrukova MV, and Shakirova FM, 2003. Salicylic acid prevents the damaging action of stress factors on wheat plants. Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology 29: 314-319.
Sánchez-Blanco MJ, Ferrández T, Morales MA, Morte A, and Alarcón JJ, 2004. Variations in water status, gas exchange, and growth in Rosmarinus officinalis plants infected with Glomus deserticola under drought conditions. Journal of Plant Physiology 161(6): 675-682.
Senaratna T, Touchell, D, Bunn E, and Dixon K, 2000. Acetyl salicylic acid (Aspirin) and salicylic acid induce multiple stress tolerance in bean and tomato plants. Plant Growth Regulation 30(2): 157-161.
Shan CJ, Zhang SL, Li DF, Zhao YZ, Tian XL, Zhao XL, Wu YX, Wei XY, and Liu RQ, 2011. An effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide on the ascorbate and glutathione metabolism in wheat seedlings leaves under water stress. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 33: 2533.
Sharma A, Shahzad B, Rehman A, Bhardwaj R, Landi M, and Zheng B, 2019. Response of phenylpropanoid pathway and the role of polyphenols in plants under abiotic stress. Molecules 24(13): 2452.
Shen C, Hu Y, Du X, Li T, Tang H, and Wu J, 2014. Salicylic acid induces physiological and biochemical changes in Torreya grandis cv. Merrillii seedlings under drought stress. Trees 28: 961-970.
Siddika MR, Rakib MA, Abu Zubair M, Islam MM, Haque MS, and Al-Khayri JM, 2015. Regulatory mechanism of enhancing polyphenol oxidase activity in leaf of Basella alba induced by high temperature stress. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture 27(1): 82-93.
Siddique MRB, Hamid A, and Islam MS, 2001. Drought stress effects on water relations of wheat. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 41: 35-39.
Tang Y, Sun X, Wen T, Liu M, Yang M, and Chen X, 2017. Implications of terminal oxidase function in regulation of salicylic acid on soybean seedling photosynthetic performance under water stress. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 112: 19-28.
Wahid A and Rasul E, 2005. Photosynthesis in leaf, stem, flower and fruit. In: Pessarakli M (ed.). Handbook of Photosynthesis, 2nd edition. Pp. 479-497. CRC Press, Florida.
Wang ZL and Huang BR, 2004. Physiological recovery of Kentucky bluegrass from simultaneous drought and heat stress. Crop Science 44: 1746-1753.
Yildirim E, Karlidag H, and Turan M, 2009. Mitigation of salt stress in strawberry by foliar K, Ca and Mg nutrient supply. Plant, Soil and Environment 55(5): 213-221.
Ying Y, Yue Y, Huang X, Wang H, Mei L, Yu W, Zheng B, and Wu J, 2013. Salicylic acid induces physiological and biochemical changes in three red bayberry (Myric rubra) genotypes under water stress. Plant Growth Regulation 71(2): 181-189.
Yordanov I, Velikova V, and Tsonev T, 2003. Plant responses to drought and stress tolerance. Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology 12: 187-206.
Zhou ZS, Guo K, Elbaz AA, and Yang ZM, 2009. Salicylic acid alleviates mercury toxicity by preventing oxidative stress in roots of Medicago sativa. Environmental and Experimental Botany 65(1): 27-34.