University of Tabriz Journal of Plant Physiology and Breeding 2008-5168 15 2 2025 12 01 Micropropagation of Aglaonema ‘Pink Lady’ for authentic varietal production 1 16 20841 10.22034/jppb.2025.66233.1363 EN Mostafa Khoshhal Sarmast Departmemt of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Rezvane Sookhtesarayi Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Journal Article 2025 03 04 Objective: Aglaonema, belonging to the Araceae family, is an evergreen herbaceous plant with attractive ornamental foliage suitable for home decoration. Traditional propagation methods, such as stem cuttings and plant division, have low efficiency and high costs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of in vitro propagation of Aglaonema ‘Pink Lady’. Methods: Aglaonema ‘Pink Lady’ stem cuttings were disinfected with 70% ethanol for 30 seconds and immersed in 10% Clorox solution for 10-30 minutes at the Tissue Culture Laboratory, University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran (2023-2024). The washed explants were cultured on the MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA) (0–1 mg/L) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (0–1.5 mg/L). Additionally, the effects of higher thidiazuron (TDZ) levels (2–16 mg/L) on direct shoot induction were evaluated. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications. Explants were placed in jars containing 30 mL of culture medium and incubated at 25±1°C with 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness. Data were collected after 40 and 80 days, measuring callus weight, number and length of shoots, and number and length of roots. Results: The highest number of Aglaonema shoots (two shoots) was obtained in the MS medium containing 1 mg/L BA and 0.5 mg/L NAA after 80 days of culture. The use of 1 mg/L TDZ produced the highest average shoot length, followed by 0.5 mg/L TDZ combined with 0.5 mg/L NAA. The maximum number of roots for the regenerated Aglaonema was observed at 0 and 0.25 mg/L BA combined with different levels of NAA (0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg/L) after 40 days of culture. The use of high levels of TDZ, such as concentrations of 9 and 16 mg/L, increased the average number of shoots per stem explant to 40. Rooted plantlets, when transferred to the greenhouse, achieved more than 90% acclimatization. All regenerated plants retained the morphological characteristics of the corresponding mother plant. Conclusion: This experiment demonstrated that high levels of TDZ can significantly lead to direct organogenesis in stem explants of the Aglaonema cultivar ‘Pink Lady’. However, the genetic variability of the regenerated shoots for producing plants similar to the original remains to be continuously monitored.

https://breeding.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20841_b295f03bce2a440d49271c3b7af5d2a4.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Plant Physiology and Breeding 2008-5168 15 2 2025 12 01 Effect of nitrogen nano-fertilizer concentrations on growth and some agro-physiological performance of Withania coagulans, Echinacea purpurea, and Valeriana officinalis in an aeroponic system 17 35 20844 10.22034/jppb.2025.69063.1382 EN Zahra Movahedi Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran 0000-0001-7420-4354 Mehdi Ghabooli Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran Journal Article 2025 09 08 Objective: Nitrogen is a critical macronutrient for plant growth and development, and the application of nitrogen in nanoscale form has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance nutrient use efficiency and crop productivity. This study investigated the effects of different concentrations of nitrogen nano-fertilizer on some traits of three medicinal plants, Withania coagulans, Echinacea purpurea, and Valeriana officinalis, cultivated in an aeroponic system. Methods: The trials were performed in a completely randomized design using three replications. The foliar application of nitrogen nano-fertilizer (0, 1000, and 2000 mg/L) was performed at 20, 40, and 60 days after transferring to the aeroponic system. Morphological traits, including fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots, as well as the height of shoots and roots, and the number of leaves, were measured. Additionally, photosynthetic pigments, consisting of chlorophylls (a and b) and carotenoids, were identified. Results: The results demonstrated a dose-dependent effect of nitrogen nano-fertilizer on all measured traits across the three species. In Valeriana officinalis, the highest concentration significantly increased root length, leaf number, shoot dry weight, plant height, and root dry weight, compared to the control. Similarly, Echinacea purpurea and Withania coagulans showed significant improvements in vegetative growth and biomass accumulation, although the magnitude of response varied among species. Photosynthetic pigments were also enhanced under nano-fertilizer treatment, with chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids reaching their highest values at 2000 mg/L in all species, suggesting improved photosynthetic capacity and photoprotection. Comparison of these species revealed that Valeriana officinalis exhibited the greatest growth improvement, while Echinacea purpurea demonstrated more pronounced root development and pigment accumulation. Conclusion: Nitrogen nano-fertilizer proved to be an effective tool for promoting vegetative growth, biomass accumulation, and photosynthetic efficiency in the medicinal plants grown under controlled aeroponic conditions. This study provided insights for the sustainable cultivation of high-value medicinal crops and supports the use of nanoscale nutrients to improve plant productivity.

https://breeding.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20844_9fdccc10e0407db7486520723d0209d3.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Plant Physiology and Breeding 2008-5168 15 2 2025 12 01 Physiological protection of basil plant (Ocimum basilicum L.) against cold stress using L-arginine-coated calcium hydroxide nanoparticles 37 63 20871 10.22034/jppb.2025.65959.1361 EN Faegheh Bahraminejad Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Fatemeh Nasibi Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Esmaeel Darezereshki Department of Material Processing Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran 0000-0002-9958-7221 Fatemeh Rostami Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Journal Article 2025 02 18 Objective: Low temperatures can limit crop productivity, which is a major concern for agricultural and horticultural crops worldwide. Cold stress can cause damage to plants during sensitive growth stages, leading to reduced crop performance. One such crop that is particularly susceptible to cold stress is Ocimum basilicum L., commonly known as basil. In this article, we present a study on the use of Ca (OH)2 nanoparticles (NPs) coated with L-arginine to decrease cold stress in this plant. Methods: Basil plants were divided into two groups after two weeks of growth. One group was sprayed with distilled water, while the other group was sprayed with Arg-Ca(OH)₂ nanoparticle solutions every other day for a week. To induce cold stress, the plants were placed at 3 °C for 5 hours and then transferred to a greenhouse. After 24 hours, samples were taken and frozen in liquid nitrogen. The photosynthetic pigments, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, proline content, total soluble sugars, total protein, and enzymes’ activity, including superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, and lipoxygenase, were measured. Results: The findings of this study revealed that cold stress decreased chlorophyll levels in basil plants while increasing activity of antioxidant enzymes, including malondialdehyde, proline, soluble sugars, protein oxidation, and lipoxygenase activity. However, treating the plants with the NPs significantly reduced malondialdehyde, proline, and protein oxidation. It also prevented chlorophyll degradation, boosted soluble sugar content, and increased antioxidant enzyme activity in the cold-stressed plants compared to untreated ones. Conclusion: Overall, this research highlighted a beneficial role of the Ca(OH)2 NPs in mitigating the adverse effects of cold stress on basil plants.

https://breeding.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20871_f2acaaab2ebbc87c77268480bd75f491.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Plant Physiology and Breeding 2008-5168 15 2 2025 12 01 Factor analysis of genetic diversity in some Iranian purslane accessions using agro-morphological traits 65 78 20915 10.22034/jppb.2025.67279.1367 EN Mehdi Mohebodini Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, 7218759612, Ardabil, Iran. Iman Khalili-Baseri Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, 7218759612, Ardabil, Iran. Mohsen Janmohammadi Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, 5518779842, Maragheh, Iran. Naser Sabaghnia Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, 5518779842, Maragheh, Iran. Journal Article 2025 05 12 Objective: As a highly nutritious vegetable crop, purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is recognized for its dual role as both a leafy vegetable and a medicinal herb. This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity of 20 Iranian purslane accessions using selected agro-morphological traits. Methods: Seeds from local purslane accessions were collected from different regions of Iran. The experiment was conducted under controlled greenhouse conditions, using a randomized complete block design with four replications. A total of 16 agro-morphological traits were measured. Phenotypic coefficient of variation was calculated for all traits to verify the existence of variability among the collected accessions. To group the accessions, factor analysis was performed to uncover a pattern of variability among the studied accessions. Only factors with eigenvalues greater than unity were retained and used. Results: The results revealed considerable genetic variation among the genotypes, with the phenotypic coefficient of variation ranging from 11.66% (main stem length) to 51.00% (number of capsules per branch). High variability in traits such as total soluble solids and dry/fresh weight ratio, and relatively high variability for number of flowers per plant, dry shoot weight, number of lateral branches, number of branches per main stem, leaf width, leaf area, and leaf length, was observed, highlighting their potential value for future breeding efforts. Factor analysis identified five main factors accounting for 90.1% of the observed variability, with the first factor describing 48.6% of the variability and associated with plant biomass potential. The next factors emphasized the number of flowers and branches, leaf properties, the number of lateral branches, and total soluble solids, respectively. The accessions were categorized into three distinct categories, and Group A contained accessions with better biomass and some yield-related traits. Conclusion: This research provided an understanding of genetic diversity in purslane, offering information for selecting favorable genotypes for breeding programs aimed at enhancing biomass and yield performance. Accessions from Group A, such as those from Bushehr, Isfahan, and Maragheh areas, Iran, were recommended for further evaluation and potential cultivar release for rainfed, semiarid conditions.

https://breeding.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20915_d368ce9b5a1769e71c2cb1600a8b73de.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Plant Physiology and Breeding 2008-5168 15 2 2025 12 01 The combination of biochar and rhizobacteria improved leaf pigments and growth of oilseed rape under salinity 79 102 20939 10.22034/jppb.2025.68819.1373 EN Soheila Abdoli Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Kazem Ghassemi-Golezani Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2025 08 25 Objective: Soil salinity is a major environmental constraint that significantly influences plant growth and productivity. Application of carbon-rich materials and rhizobacteria may reduce the negative impacts of environmental stresses such as soil salinity on plants. Thus, this research aimed to investigate the possible roles of solid and enriched biochars with Pseudomonas putida RS-198 and Azotobacter chroococcum RS-106 on the physiological performance and grain yield of oilseed rape under salinity. Methods: A factorial experiment with randomized complete block design in three replicates was laid out in a greenhouse at the University of Tabriz, Iran, to find out the effects of solid biochar (30 g biochar per 1 kg soil) and enriched biochars with Pseudomonas putida (100 ml bacteria in 1 kg-1 of biochar), Azotobacter chroococcum (100 ml bacteria in 1 kg-1 of biochar), and P. putida + A. chroococcum (50 ml P. putida + 50 ml A. chroococcum in 1 kg-1 of biochar) on nutrient uptake, osmotic adjustment, photosynthetic activity, and yield components of oilseed rape plants under salt stress (0, 6, and 12 dS m-1 NaCl; as non-saline, and moderate and high salinities, respectively). Results: The Na+ uptake and osmolytes were enhanced, but the K+ uptake, Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents, leaf water content, photosynthetic activity, plant growth, grain yield, and yield components were decreased with increasing salt stress. The biochar-related treatments reduced the negative impacts of salt stress by decreasing Na+ uptake and increasing nutrients and water contents, soluble sugars, leaf pigments, plant biomass, seeds per plant, and grain yield, particularly under high salinity. In addition, the combination of biochar and P. putida + A. chroococcum was the superior treatment in enhancing pods per plant of oilseed rape. Conclusion: The integrated application of biochar and rhizobacteria could be a new method worthy of consideration for improving plant growth and productivity in saline soils.

https://breeding.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20939_57444daa7bfc69bb8ee15c9980e5969b.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Plant Physiology and Breeding 2008-5168 15 2 2025 12 01 Earliness, yield, and yield components of bread wheat under well-watered and rain-fed conditions: the role of the Ppd-D1a gene 103 122 20946 10.22034/jppb.2025.68327.1371 EN Soraya Pourtabrizi Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. Mohamed Mergoum Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics (IPBGG), University of Georgia, USA. Ali Kazemipour Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. Ghasem Mohammadi-Nejad Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran; Research and Technology Institute of Plant Production (RTIPP), Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. Gholamreza Khajoei-Nejad Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. Roohollah Abdolshahi Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran; Research and Technology Institute of Plant Production (RTIPP), Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. Journal Article 2025 07 26 Objective: Earliness is a critical trait for wheat grown under conditions of end-season heat and drought stress. Heading time is influenced by three groups of genes, including photoperiod (Ppd), vernalization (Vrn), and earliness per se (Eps). Ppd-D1 is an important tool for marker-assisted selection and backcrossing programs. Although the effect of Ppd-D1a on earliness is well-documented, its impact on yield, yield components, and other key agronomic traits remains a subject of debate. In this study, near-isogenic lines for Ppd-D1a were developed in two genetic backgrounds: Roshan and Kalheydari cultivars. The primary aim was to examine the effect of Ppd-D1a on earliness, yield, and yield components. Methods: Isogenic lines from the Kalheydari and Roshan cultivars were evaluated under both well-watered and rain-fed conditions in two distinct locations of Kerman and Sepidan, Iran, during two successive growing seasons (2020-2022). At each location, the experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications. Then, several agronomic characteristics such as days to heading, days to maturity, grain filling period, plant height, peduncle length, grain yield, spike number per square meter, grain number per spike, 1000-grain weight, and spike length, were measured. Results: When compared to the Ppd-D1b allele, which is photoperiod-sensitive, the Ppd-D1a allele, which is photoperiod-insensitive, reduced days to heading and maturity by 5.14 and 7.53 days, respectively. The results also indicated that Ppd-D1a led to a 14% decrease in grain number per spike, while it increased 1000-grain weight by 17% and grain yield by 13% under rain-fed conditions. However, the effects of Ppd-D1a differed significantly under well-watered conditions, where it decreased 1000-grain weight by 18% but increased grain number per spike by 10%, with no significant effect on the grain yield. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the impact of Ppd-D1a on yield and yield components is strongly influenced by the specific environmental conditions in which the wheat is cultivated.

https://breeding.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20946_8919e5ec07124e6ea5516d4f410a53ef.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Plant Physiology and Breeding 2008-5168 15 2 2025 12 01 Evaluation of resistance to stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) in newly developed wheat elite lines in the Moghan Plain, Iran 123 145 20960 10.22034/jppb.2025.67746.1369 EN Ali Omrani Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Moghan, Iran. Farzad Afshari Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran. Kamal Shahbazi Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Moghan, Iran. Journal Article 2025 06 08 Objective: Yellow rust, or stripe rust, caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most significant diseases affecting wheat crops worldwide, including Iran. The most fundamental method for controlling this disease involves the use of effective and durable genetic resistance. Methods: To determine the virulence factors (genes)/resistance factors (genes) present in the pathogen's race population in the Moghan region, Ardabil Province, Iran, the response of a set of yellow rust differential varieties was evaluated over two consecutive growing seasons (2023 and 2024) in trap nurseries at the adult plant stage under natural field conditions (without artificial inoculation). Resistance evaluation of newly developed wheat lines (33 elite lines) was conducted at both the seedling stage (under artificial inoculation) and the adult plant stage (under natural field conditions). The resistance response of elite lines at the seedling stage was assessed using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Disease severity at the flag leaf emergence stage was assessed after uniform disease development was observed on the susceptible check cultivar Bolani, by estimating the percentage of leaf area covered by infection (0-100%). Infection type was scored based on a 0-9 scale. To calculate the coefficient of infection, data on disease severity and infection type were combined. The coefficient of infection was obtained by multiplying the disease severity by a constant corresponding to the host reaction type: Immune = 0.0, Resistant (R) = 0.2, Moderately Resistant (MR) = 0.4, Moderate (M) = 0.6, Moderately Susceptible (MS) = 0.8, Moderately to Susceptible (MSS) = 0.9, Susceptible (S) = 1.0. Results: The results revealed that the virulence patterns within the pathogen's race population in the Moghan region varied between the two years. In both years, avirulence was observed for the differential varieties carrying resistance genes Yr2, Yr3, Yr4, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, Yr27, YrCV, YrND, and YrSD. A significant difference in virulence patterns between the two P. striiformis pathogen populations was observed across the two experimental years for the resistance genes Yr1, Yr9, Yr27, Yr28, Yr29, Yr32, and YrSP. Different combinations of the aforementioned resistance genes could be beneficial for pyramiding effective resistance genes into high-yielding and desirable wheat lines. Based on the measured resistance components at both stages, the following elite lines exhibited acceptable levels of resistance: N-1400-9, N-1400-10, S-1400-2, S-1400-26, S-1400-30, S-1400-38, M-1400-5, M-1400-11, M-1400-19, MDH-1400-6, MDH-1400-10, CD-1400-8, CD-1400-19, C-1400-11, and D-1400-14. Conclusion: The lines with acceptable levels of resistance can serve as effective sources of resistance for developing new and durable resistant varieties against the pathogen's race population in the Moghan region and similar areas in the northern part of Iran in wheat breeding programs.

https://breeding.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20960_9062cca4e669a8e30da7de2d16c43b84.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Plant Physiology and Breeding 2008-5168 15 2 2025 12 01 Minimizing adverse effects of drought stress on maize (Zea mays L.) using foliar application of jasmonic and salicylic acids 147 170 20994 10.22034/jppb.2025.69241.1383 EN Fatemeh Nasr Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7155713876, Iran. Yahya Emam Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7155713876, Iran. Afshin Zamani Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7155713876, Iran. Journal Article 2025 09 20 Drought stress is a major factor limiting the growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.). This experiment aimed to examine the effects of foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) in both single and combined concentrations on morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits of maize plants under varying levels of water deficit. Methods: The experiment was carried out in the greenhouse of the School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran, using a completely randomized design with three irrigation levels (100, 75, and 50% of full irrigation, FI) and nine foliar spray treatments (control, SA 0.5 and 1 mM, MJ 10 and 20 μM, and four SA and MJ combinations) in 2022. Growth traits such as shoot height, stem diameter, leaf area, as well as fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots, SPAD index, and chlorophyll content (chlorophyll a, b, and total), along with biochemical traits including anthocyanin, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. Results: Drought stress resulted in a notable decline in vegetative growth and an elevation in oxidative indices; however, the combined treatments effectively mitigated these adverse effects. In severe drought (50% FI), root dry weight increased from 2.0 g in the control to 4.6 g in the SA1&MJ20 treatment. Leaf area, which was less than 400 cm² in the control, was found to be 487 and 456 cm² with SA0.5&MJ10 and SA0.5&MJ20, respectively. The SA1&MJ10 combination maintained total chlorophyll above 1.2 mg g-¹ FW under 100% FI conditions and preserved chlorophyll a at a higher level than the control during 70% FI. The combinations also resulted in the greatest reduction in H2O2 and MDA; under 50% FI, H2O2 and MDA levels decreased from 0.47 and 88 µmol g-¹ FW in the control to 0.28 and 28.7 µmol g-¹ FW in the SA0.5&MJ10 treatment. Furthermore, the anthocyanin content in the combined treatments, particularly SA1&MJ20, reached levels exceeding 6.0 mmol g-¹ FW, indicating an enhancement of secondary defense pathways and protection against reactive oxygen species. Similarly, the individual application of SA or MJ also exerted positive effects on several growth and biochemical traits depending on the irrigation level, indicating that single-hormone treatments also could be beneficial under specific FI conditions. Conclusion: Reducing irrigation from 100% FI to 75% FI and 50% FI impaired growth and pigments and enhanced oxidative damage. Effects of SA and MJ were trait- and FI-dependent. Overall, SA&MJ (especially SA1&MJ20 and SA0.5&MJ10) tended to better support biomass under 50% FI, whereas MJ alone often maintained SPAD/chlorophyll more effectively under 75% FI. Thus, SA and MJ should be applied using a target-trait, FI-specific strategy, with co-application as a conditional option.

https://breeding.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20994_89a5a138cecff7cb2c348cc480970d18.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Plant Physiology and Breeding 2008-5168 15 2 2025 12 01 Impact of row spacing, planting pattern, and cover crop on controlling weeds and improving antioxidant defense system, osmolyte accumulation, and plant performance in maize 171 191 21047 10.22034/jppb.2025.65519.1359 EN Ghorban Didehbaz Moghanlo Plant Protection Research Department, Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Moghan, Iran. Shahram Alizadeh Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Razieh Dadkhah Kandeh Dr. Hesabi Art School, Parsabad Education Management, Parsabad, Iran. Negin Taleschian Tabrizi Department of Plant Eco-physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Sajjad Moharramnejad Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Moghan, Iran. Journal Article 2025 01 18 Objective: This study investigated the effects of row spacing, planting pattern, and weed control methods on maize grain yield, weed control, antioxidant defense system, and osmolyte accumulation. Methods: To conduct the experiment, the maize cultivar TWC647 was planted in the row spacings of 75 cm and 65 cm, using two planting patterns, conventional single-row (CSR) and zigzag double-row (ZDR). Also, five different weed control methods were implemented, including a weedy check throughout the growing season, Trifolium alexandrinum L., Secale cereale L., Vicia villosa L., and the herbicide MaisTer Power OD® 42.5% (containing foramsulfuron and idosulfuron). Then, the protein content, H2O2, total phenols, total soluble proteins, proline, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA), were measured. Results: The biomass of cover crops was significantly affected by row spacing, planting pattern, cover crop, and their two-way interactions. The highest cover crop biomass was obtained for the 75 cm row spacing with the CSR planting pattern. The rye cover crop showed the highest biomass in both row spacing and the CSR planting pattern. The distribution of grass weed species was relatively even throughout the experimental site. The lowest weed biomass was obtained in rye and vetch with the 65 cm row spacing and also under both CSR and ZDR planting patterns. Maize grain yield was significantly affected by the row spacing × cover crop interaction, with maize alongside the rye cover crop producing the highest grain yield per hectare in the 65-cm row spacing, significantly higher than in the 75-cm row spacing. MDA was higher at the 65 cm row spacing and under CSR planting pattern than at the 75 cm row spacing and ZDR planting pattern. The lowest and the highest MDA among the weed-control methods were observed for the rye cover crop and the herbicide MaisTer. H2O2 was also higher in the 65 cm row spacing. The highest H2O2 content of maize leaves was obtained for the herbicide MaisTer under CSR. Proline, total proteins, and total phenols were also greater at the 65 cm row spacing. Conclusion: The narrow row spacing (65 cm) with rye inter-row cover crop reduced weed biomass compared to wider row spacing (75 cm). The 65 cm row spacing also resulted in higher grain yield of maize when the rye cover crop was planted among the maize rows. The 65 cm row spacing also exhibited higher total proteins, total phenols, proline, MDA, and H2O2 content. However, the rye cover crop decreased H2O2 and MDA compared to the herbicide and weedy check.

https://breeding.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21047_12bf51c13d5b253ae907fb330a09cedc.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Plant Physiology and Breeding 2008-5168 15 2 2025 12 01 Mitigating the effects of drought stress by applying levels of zeolite on yield, pigments, and some physiological traits of sesame cultivars 193 215 21052 10.22034/jppb.2025.68868.1374 EN Shahrzad Narouei Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran. Alireza Sirousmehr Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran. Mehdi Dahmardeh Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran. Esmaeel Seyedabadi Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran. Journal Article 2025 08 27 Objective: Drought stress is a significant environmental factor that impacts the yield and quality of the sesame crop. This study was conducted to examine the effects of drought stress and zeolite on the yield, quantity, and some physiological traits of sesame cultivars. Methods: The experiment followed a split-plot factorial design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. It was conducted at two research locations: the Research Institute of Zabol, Zabol, Iran, and the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Baluchestan, Iranshahr, Iran. The main plots consisted of three drought-stress conditions: full irrigation (according to the irrigation scheme of the area), irrigation cut-off at 50% flowering, and irrigation cut-off at 50% seed filling. The sub-factors included factorial combination of three sesame cultivars (Halil, Dashtestan, and Darab) and four zeolite levels (0, 3, 6, and 9 tons per hectare). Zeolite was mixed with the soil before planting. The traits measured included grain yield, biomass, oil percentage, pigments, soluble carbohydrates, proline, and protein. Results: The amount of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b decreased with increasing drought stress intensity; however, the application of zeolite mitigated the adverse effects of drought stress. Under irrigation cut-off at 50% flowering, total soluble carbohydrates significantly increased compared to the non-stress conditions. Also, leaf proline increased in both locations with increasing drought severity; however, the application of zeolite generally reduced the proline content. Under the 50% irrigation cut-off during flowering, the protein level decreased compared to full irrigation. The highest protein content and grain yield were obtained in the Halil cultivar at the Iranshahr location under non-stress conditions and with the application of nine tons/ha of zeolite. However, in Zabol, the highest grain yield was obtained by the Darab cultivar at all irrigation conditions, with the application of nine tons of zeolite. Generally, grain yield and oil content declined with increasing drought stress, but zeolite application mitigated the drought effects. Conclusion: The use of zeolite in the sesame production was beneficial due to its positive impact on reducing the adverse effects of drought stress. Also, the Darab cultivar may be suggested for the sesame production in Zabol, while the Halil cultivar seemed more suitable for the Iranshahr location.

https://breeding.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21052_94d1095c50cbed81b6258a95f6cbf9e3.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Plant Physiology and Breeding 2008-5168 15 2 2025 12 01 Interactive effects of irrigation levels, fulvic acid, and shading intensity on the growth, physiological, and biochemical traits of soilless-grown rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.) 217 242 21093 10.22034/jppb.2025.68975.1378 EN Mohammed Ahmed Mohammed Amin Department of Horticultural Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 66177-15175, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran; Protected Agriculture Department, Bakrajo Technical Institute, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan, Iraq. Behrooz Sarabi Department of Horticultural Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 66177-15175, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran; Research Center of Medicinal Plants Breeding and Development, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran. Ali Akbar Mozfari Department of Horticultural Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 66177-15175, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran; Research Center of Medicinal Plants Breeding and Development, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran. Journal Article 2025 09 02 Objective: This study aimed to assess the interactive effects of irrigation levels, foliar application of fulvic acid, and shading intensity on the growth, physiological performance, and biochemical traits of rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.), cultivated in soilless conditions under greenhouse environments. Methods: A factorial experiment was conducted, using a completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor consisted of three different irrigation levels, 100%, 75%, and 50% of the plants' water requirements, referred to as IL100, IL75, and IL50, respectively. The second and third factors included three concentrations of foliar fulvic acid (FA): 0, 1, and 2 g L⁻¹, along with three shading intensities of 0%, 50%, and 80%, respectively. Rocket plants were cultivated in a controlled hydroponic system, and growth-related traits, as well as physiological and biochemical characteristics, were measured. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance to determine the significance of the main effects and their interaction for the measured traits. Results: Most of the Main effects of the factors and their interactions were significant for most of the measured characteristics. The highest shoot and root biomasses were observed under full irrigation (IL100), without shading, and with 2 g L⁻¹ of FA, while severe shading (80%) and a water deficit (IL50) significantly diminished growth. Notably, IL50 resulted in increases of up to 27% in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid contents compared to IL100, with the application of FA enhancing this effect. Relative water content ranged from 86.36% to 87.78%, and the membrane stability index varied from 76.46% to 78.59%, both reaching their highest values under full irrigation, moderate shading, and high FA conditions. Malondialdehyde concentration, which indicates oxidative stress, was lowest under conditions of full irrigation, high shading, and the application of FA. Also, plants grown under IL50 without shading and treated with 2 g L⁻¹ of FA showed the highest concentrations of soluble carbohydrates and proline. These levels were approximately 200% and 73% higher, respectively, compared to control plants that were grown under IL100 with 80% shading and no FA. Conclusion: The optimized coordination of irrigation, foliar FA application, and shading intensity significantly enhances the growth, physiological, and biochemical tolerance of rocket plants. This strategy promotes sustainable and efficient soilless cultivation of leafy vegetables such as rocket in greenhouse environments.

https://breeding.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21093_203e5cf61455d16a55d0b81ad3fdb372.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Plant Physiology and Breeding 2008-5168 15 2 2025 12 01 Effect of mannitol, sucrose, and hydrolyzed casein on hypericin content, gland number, and red pigment synthesis in the in vitro culture of Hypericum perforatum cv. Helos 243 259 21173 10.22034/jppb.2025.69043.1381 EN Alireza Motallebi-Azar Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Samaneh Kazemiani Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Javid Emaratpardaz Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Mina Amani Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Journal Article 2025 09 07 Objective: This study aimed to establish a protocol for enhancing the quantity of hypericin, glands, and red pigments in Hypericum perforatum cv. Helos. Methods: The effects of hydrolyzed casein (0 and 500 mg/L), mannitol (0, 5, and 10 g/L), and sucrose (20 and 30 g/L) on leaf explants derived from the in vitro plantlets were evaluated. The factors were arranged in a factorial experiment using a completely randomized design with three replications and five samples per experimental unit. Results: The concentrations of hydrolyzed casein, mannitol, and sucrose markedly influenced the proportions of callus formation and the shoots displaying red pigments. The highest proportion of red pigment-bearing calli was observed in the media containing either the control or 500 mg/L hydrolyzed casein with 20 g/L sucrose, without mannitol. Glands were observed on all shoots that underwent development. The maximum gland number and the highest percentage of shoots with glands were recorded for the explants cultured on media containing 30 g/L sucrose in combination with 5 or 10 g/L mannitol, and similarly for the medium with 20 g/L sucrose and 5 g/L mannitol. These results indicated that the MS composition with sucrose concentration and the addition of hydrolyzed casein significantly enhance hypericin production in the calli and shoots. Conclusion: Overall, optimization of MS via adjustments to sucrose and the incorporation of hydrolyzed casein increased the production of hypericin, glands, and red pigments in H. perforatum.

https://breeding.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21173_9274905c0ded4fb3cdfdce470375fd9a.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Plant Physiology and Breeding 2008-5168 15 2 2025 12 01 Morpho-physiological responses and recovery of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) to water deficit and re-irrigation 261 282 21188 10.22034/jppb.2025.69311.1385 EN Azim Ghasemnezhad Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. Bakhtyar Rezaee Department of Horticulture and Forestry, Baghlan University, Puli Khumri, Baghlan Province, Afghanistan. Madeh Ahmadi Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. Ehsan Karimi Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. Journal Article 2025 09 24 Objective: Evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) is an important oilseed plant in temperate regions, facing challenges from drought and water scarcity. This study examined the effect of drought stress, sampling time, and accession type on vegetative, physiologic, and biochemical characteristics of evening primrose, and its recovery through re-irrigation. Methods: Experimental plants underwent four irrigation intervals (5 days as control, 10 days, 14 days, and 18 days) in Gorgan, Iran, using a factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block design, with three replications. The pot experiment was conducted in a polyethylene-covered outdoor setting and continued until capsule formation. Pre- and post-irrigation sampling allowed for the comparison of plant morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics in both Iranian and German accessions. Results: Results showed no evening primrose recovery at the 18-day irrigation interval. Extended watering cycles led to decreased leaf dry weight and membrane stability, and increased proline, total phenols, total flavonoids, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). Levels of proline, CAT, POD, SOD, APX, and PAL varied significantly across different sampling times. Accession differences were evident in antioxidant enzyme activities, reflecting distinct stress and recovery responses. Recovered samples exhibited 1.3 times lower antioxidant activity compared to stressed samples. PAL activity decreased after recovery, indicating improved photosynthetic efficiency after recovery. Conclusion: Drought stress decreased the vegetative growth and membrane stability, and increased the activity of various antioxidant enzymes, proline, phenols, proteins, and flavonoids. The increase in proline and antioxidant enzymes during drought stress suggests evening primrose's stress response and recovery capabilities. In Gorgan's conditions, optimal evening primrose recovery intervals appear to be around 10 days, with potential recovery even at 14-day intervals. While understanding evening primrose recovery is critical, further investigations are necessary for making informed decisions in the field.

https://breeding.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21188_7f7bd89983c0f43901a0f4001d1eda7a.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Plant Physiology and Breeding 2008-5168 15 2 2025 12 01 Impact of different irrigation and fertilization strategies on growth, yield, and physiological traits of camelina 283 307 21192 10.22034/jppb.2025.69448.1388 EN Ali Aminbaigi Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. Jalal Jalilian Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. Hamid Reza Chaghazardi Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. 0000-0002-9493-1759 Danial Kahrizi Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-1717-6075 Razieh Khlilzadeh Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran. Journal Article 2025 10 01 Objective: This research aimed to investigate the effects of irrigation regimes and fertilizer types on growth, yield, and physiological characteristics of camelina (Camelina sativa). Methods: The effects of rainfed and supplementary irrigation (once or twice) on yield and physiochemical traits of camelina were evaluated under two different fertilizer sources (chemical and bio-organic fertilizers) based on a split-plot design with four replications based on a randomized complete block design. Results: There was a reduction in grain yield by 48.08% and 28.41% under rain-fed and single irrigation conditions, respectively, compared with the double irrigation. Chemical fertilizer treatments increased both harvest index and grain yield, regardless of the irrigation regime. Bio-organic fertilizers enhanced yield by 22.35% under twice irrigation, 8.24% under single irrigation, and 25.49% under rain-fed conditions, compared with the control plots. Antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) increased under drought stress, especially in unfertilized plants, whereas chemical fertilizer application reduced these activities. Water deficit significantly inhibited nutrient uptake; however, fertilizer application, especially the chemical fertilizer, improved these effects, resulting in higher concentrations of N, K, Zn, and Fe in plant tissues. Both chemical and bio‑organic fertilizers had almost similar effects on oil content. Conclusion: Chemical fertilizer outperformed the bio-fertilizer in boosting camelina yield under irrigated conditions, yet they were not significantly different under rainfed conditions. Bio-organic fertilizers thus offer a sustainable alternative for maintaining camelina productivity in the water-scarce environments. These results highlight bio-fertilizers as a viable option for sustainable agriculture under rain-fed systems.

https://breeding.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21192_5652a230207d1a1e61f1330d426ab05a.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Plant Physiology and Breeding 2008-5168 15 2 2025 12 01 Assessment of drought-related traits for rainfed wheat under current and future climates 309 338 21193 10.22034/jppb.2025.69279.1384 EN Seyyed Majid Alimagham Agronomy Group, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, 49138-15739, Iran. Afshin Soltani Agronomy Group, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, 49138-15739, Iran. 0000-0002-6941-4047 Vincent Vadez Institut de Recherche pour le Developement (IRD)– Université de Montpellier– UMR DIADE, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, 502 324, India. Ebrahim Zeinali Agronomy Group, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, 49138-15739, Iran. Eskandar Zand Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran. Arezoo Abidi Agronomy Group, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, 49138-15739, Iran. Journal Article 2025 09 22 Objective: This research aimed to employ crop simulation modeling to identify key traits for improving water-limited yield (Yw) of rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) across Iran's diverse agro-climatic zones under current and projected future climates. Methods: Using the Global Yield Gap Atlas (GYGA) upscaling protocol and the SSM-iCrop model, simulations were conducted for 32 reference weather stations (RWSs) representing 72% of Iran's national rainfed wheat area. Historical (2000–2015) and future (2041–2060; RCP4.5, +1.9 °C, 500 ppm CO₂) climate scenarios were analyzed to evaluate the impact of modifying physiological traits. Results: Under the current climate, the national mean simulated Yw was 2.02 t ha⁻¹, ranging from 1.04 to 4.41 t ha⁻¹. Future climate increased mean Yw to 2.87 t ha⁻¹ (range: 1.54–5.33 t ha⁻¹), due to CO₂ fertilization and accelerated development, alleviating terminal drought. Trait analysis revealed that increasing the grain-filling duration by 20% was the most effective and consistent strategy, boosting national mean yield by 0.30 t ha⁻¹ (current climate) and 0.47 t ha⁻¹ (future climate) in high-rainfall Caspian Sea zones. Conversely, shortening the vegetative phase by 20% increased yields by up to 0.1 t ha⁻¹ in terminal-drought regions of the Zagros Mountains but reduced yields in eastern and northeastern Iran, with negative impacts intensifying under future climate. Decreasing phyllochron provided modest yield gains (>5% in 7 RWSs) under the current climate, but its benefits diminished under future warming. Increasing radiation use efficiency had a limited impact under both climate conditions. Spatial analysis showed the primary key trait was extending grain-filling for 13 RWSs (current) and 16 RWSs (future), while shortening the vegetative phase was key for 11 and 12 RWSs, respectively. Critically, in 9 RWSs across western/northwestern Iran, the optimal trait shifted with climate change, underscoring strong G×E interactions. Conclusion: Breeding for enhanced grain-filling duration offers a robust, climate-resilient strategy for most parts of Iran. In contrast, manipulating vegetative growth duration requires precise, region-specific targeting due to its variable and sometimes negative effects. These results provide a spatially explicit blueprint for trait-based breeding to enhance the productivity and climate resilience of Iran's rainfed wheat systems.

https://breeding.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21193_b1ba3ef5c79a51eab0647a03f91532ec.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Plant Physiology and Breeding 2008-5168 15 2 2025 12 01 Gypsum and bio-fertilizers altered grain yield, forage, and nutrient elements of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) in a saline soil 339 354 21194 10.22034/jppb.2025.70109.1396 EN Abolfazl Abbassian Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran. Mostafa Heidari Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran. Hadi Ghorbani Soil Science Department, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran. Manouchehr Gholipour Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran. Journal Article 2025 11 07 Objective: Soil salinity significantly affects the growth and crop productivity. Application of chemical amendments, such as (GP) (CaSO4.2H2O), has been shown to improve saline-sodic soils, thereby promoting better plant growth and development. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of three levels of GP and different types of bio-fertilizers on grain yield, yield components, forage quality, and concentration of nutrient elements on sorghum in a saline soil. Methods: This study was laid out as a split plot design based on the randomized complete block with three replications on sorghum at a saline soil (EC = 5.9 dS/m). Three levels of GP, including 0 (control), 10, and 20 t/ha, were arranged in the main plots, and five types of bio-fertilizers, including Biosulfur, Phosphosist, Nitroxin, Phosphate bio-fertilizer (Barvar 2), and the control (without application of bio-fertilizer), were arranged in subplots. Results: The results showed that the application of GP increased grain yield and yield components. The highest grain yield, number of seeds per plant, and 1000-seed weight were obtained with Phosphosist + 20 t/ha of GP. These increases were 58.8%, 37.3%, and 34.4%, respectively, as compared to the control treatment (no bio-fertilizer and no GP). Additionally, GP improved forage quality by increasing the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in some cases. The highest NDF was obtained at the 20 t/ha GP. The interaction between GP and bio-fertilizers significantly affected the concentration of N, P, Fe, and Cu in the leaves of sorghum; however, the concentration of Ca, K, Mn, and Zn was not affected by this interaction. Nutrient concentration generally increased until the highest application of GP in the soil. The highest concentration of N, Fe, and Cu was obtained for the biosulfur at the rate of 20t/ha GP and of P at the Phosphosist + 20t/ha GP. Conclusion: The combined application of Gp and phosphosist (as a bio-fertilizer) had the most pronounced positive effect on both grain yield and forage quality in sorghum at a saline soil.

https://breeding.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21194_4d88b0be17b67930d88873adb8a54d21.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Plant Physiology and Breeding 2008-5168 15 2 2025 12 01 Enhancing drought resilience in Persian walnut genotypes: Insights from photosynthetic dynamics and phenotypic analysis 355 372 21219 10.22034/jppb.2025.68929.1376 EN Hojjat Ataee Department of Horticulture, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Mahdi Alizadeh Department of Horticulture, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. Saadat Sarikhani Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Kourosh Vahdati Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2025 08 31 Objective: The Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.), known for its notable sensitivity to drought stress, exhibits considerable genetic diversity within Iran. This genetic variability provides a valuable resource for developing and selecting drought-tolerant rootstocks. Methods: This study investigates the effects of water withholding on 115 walnut families from various climatic zones in Khorasan Razavi province, Iran, by analyzing polyphasic fast chlorophyll a fluorescence induction (OJIP), relative water content (RWC), and chlorophyll index (SPAD). Results: We observed reductions in electron transport flux per reaction center (ET0/RC), relative maximal variable fluorescence (FM/F0), maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (FV/FM), quantum yield of electron transport (Phi-E0), and the performance index (PI-ABS) in response to drought stress. In contrast, increases were observed in dissipated energy flux (DI0/RC), quantum yield of energy dissipation (Phi-D0), and specific energy fluxes per reaction center for energy absorption (ABS/RC), which are associated with photo-inhibition in plants subjected to water withholding. Using drought tolerance assessments and principal component analysis, we tentatively categorized the 115 walnut families into sensitive, tolerant, and moderately tolerant groups. Tolerant families, such as G107, B31, B66, B68, and B142, exhibited less variation in most traits from normal to drought-stress conditions, compared to sensitive and moderately tolerant families. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the effectiveness of chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, RWC, and SPAD for the rapid identification of drought-tolerant genotypes.

https://breeding.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21219_993f169e84632f7c27de530c83eb4044.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Plant Physiology and Breeding 2008-5168 15 2 2025 12 01 Genes controlling barley malt quality: A QTL meta-analysis 373 410 21221 10.22034/jppb.2025.69502.1390 EN Mahjoubeh Akbari Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran. Hossein Sabouri Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran. Maryam Pasandideh BioGenTAC lnc., Technology Incubator of Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, North Branch (ABRII), Rasht, Iran. Fakhtak Taliei Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran. Ahmad Reza Dadras Olive Research Station of Tarom, Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, , Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Tarom, Iran. Journal Article 2025 10 04 Objective: Malt quality in barley is a complex quantitative trait governed by multiple genes and influenced by environmental factors, making genetic improvement challenging. The present study aimed to integrate QTL data from multiple independent studies via meta-analysis to identify stable, consensus genomic regions (MQTLs) that control key malt quality traits. The ultimate goal was to provide reliable genomic targets for marker-assisted selection to accelerate breeding programs for improved barley malt quality. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar to identify all published QTL studies related to barley malt quality. A high-density consensus genetic map was constructed by integrating several well-established reference maps. The unified map incorporated multiple marker systems, including AFLP, SSR, RFLP, RAPD, SAP, DArT, EST, CAPS, STS, RGA, IFLP, and SNP markers, ensuring comprehensive genome coverage. Individual QTLs were projected onto the consensus map, and the optimal number of MQTLs per chromosome was determined using the Akaike Information Criterion, Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), and empirical Bayesian procedures. To validate the biological relevance of the identified MQTLs, genes located within 2 Mb intervals flanking each MQTL peak position were retrieved from major genomic databases, including EnsemblPlants, GrainGenes, NCBI Gene, and BarleyMap. Results: Through meta-analysis, the 184 individual QTLs were consolidated into 35 MQTLs distributed across all seven barley chromosomes. The most significant MQTL, designated MQTL7.2, harbored 25 overlapping QTLs and explained 68% of the phenotypic variance. MQTL6.4 contained 12 QTLs controlling alpha amylase, diastatic power, viscosity, beta glucan, Wort beta glucan, and grain protein content, explaining 38% of phenotypic variance. Gene mining within MQTL intervals identified 54 unique candidate genes. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed significant involvement in monoatomic anion transport, tetracycline transmembrane transport, mRNA pseudouridine synthesis, and transmembrane transporter activity. MicroRNA prediction revealed 33 unique miRNAs regulating the identified genes, with hvu miR6192, hvu miR6184, hvu miR6182, hvu miR6176, hvu miR6189, and hvu miR6214 targeting multiple genes. Conclusion: The identified MQTLs exhibited substantially narrowed confidence intervals compared to individual QTLs, providing more precise genomic targets for breeding applications. Eleven major MQTLs with R² values exceeding 20% represented high-priority genomic regions for marker-assisted selection. The Mega MQTL7.2, explaining 68% of phenotypic variance and harboring QTLs for multiple malt quality parameters, represents a particularly valuable breeding target. These findings will facilitate marker-assisted selection strategies to accelerate genetic improvement of barley for the malting and brewing industries, ultimately contributing to the development of superior malting barley cultivars with enhanced quality characteristics.

https://breeding.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21221_f50c63ca45471ba9a90e34e38ba453ff.pdf