University of TabrizJournal of Plant Physiology and Breeding2008-51687220171201Diagnosis of Nutrient Imbalance in Wheat Plant by DRIS and PCA Approachesتشخیص عدم تعادل عناصر غذایی در گندم توسط سیستم تلفیقی تشخیص و توصیه و تجزیه به مولفه های اصلی197965ENAbolfazlGeiklooiDepartment of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, IranAdelReyhanitabarDepartment of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, IranNosratollahNajafiDepartment of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, IranHajirHomeiDepartment of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University of TabrizJournal Article20170604<br /> The foliar diagnosis can be considered as a useful tool to assess the nutritional status of plants. The diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) has been developed for this purpose. In this study DRIS norms were determined for wheat plant (<em>Triticum aestivum </em>L.) in the Moghan region, northwest of Iran. A data bank created from nutrients concentrations of flag leaf and yield was used to subdivide data into low and high yielding subgroups based on average yield ± SD. Calculated DRIS indices showed the nutrients requirement order as fallow: Zn>Mn=Fe=Cu>N=P>B>K>Ca>Mg. Based on nutrient application potential response (NAPR) method, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and B were placed in the negative response class and Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn were placed in the positive response class. The result of principal component analysis revealed that nutrient concentration in the low and high yielding subgroups and whole data set explained 54.88%, 68.65% and 63.03% of the total variance, respectively. The involvement of several nutrients in a single PC indicated that the diagnosis of any nutrient imbalance is not possible in isolation. This study showed that in this region, macronutrients and micronutrients are in the adequate status (positive DRIS indices) and deficiency state (negative DRIS indices), respectively. Furthermore, NAPR method indicated the positive response of crops if micronutrients were added to the soil.<br /> University of TabrizJournal of Plant Physiology and Breeding2008-51687220171201Effects of Drought Stress on Some Anatomical Characteristics of Barley Leavesاثر تنش خشکی بر برخی خصوصیات آناتومیکی برگ های جو11217968ENFarshadSorkhiAssistant Professor, Department of Agriculture, Miandoab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Miandoab, IranJournal Article20151230<br /> In this research, effect of drought stress on leaf characteristics was investigated in the experimental field of Miandoab Azad University, Iran using four facultative barley cultivars. Two separate experiments were conducted in pot and field conditions. In both experiments a factorial arrangement was used and the treatments were completely randomized in four replications. In each experiment half of the experimental units were drought stressed and the other half were irrigated normally. For the pot experiment, plants were sampled at fourth leaf stage in order to obtain winter leaves. For the field experiment, when plants reached at late stem elongation stage, penultimate leaves were sampled and used for preparing microscopic slides.<br /> Xylem and phloem diameter and mesophyll, bundle sheath and epidermal cells area were measured in the transverse sections prepared from middle parts of the leaves. Significant differences were observed among genotypes under drought stress in terms of leaf characteristics. Results also showed that drought stress changes the diameter and the surface area of the cells. However, the changes were not the same in the winter and spring leaves. The changes in some cases such as diameter of xylem vessels were considerable. For example, in the cultivars Sahra and Jonob, the winter leaves had bigger xylem vessels under drought stress as compared to the normal condition while in the spring leaves the xylem diameter was smaller under the same condition.<br /> University of TabrizJournal of Plant Physiology and Breeding2008-51687220171201Effects of Salinity on Some Physiological Characteristics of Lepidium sativum L.اثرات شوری بر برخی ویژگیهای فیزیولوژیک شاهی23307972ENAliGeranpayehDepartment of Agronomy, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, IranKambizAzizpourDepartment of Agronomy, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, IranLamiaVojodi Mehrabani1Department of Agronomy, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, IranRanaValizadeh KamranDepartment of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani UniversityJournal Article20160526<br /> Salinity is one of the major environmental stresses, which has deleterious effect on growth, development and yield of crops. Due to the gradual increase in soil and water salinity in the East Azarbaijan province of Iran, the garden cress cultivation in this region has always been associated with many problems. In order to evaluate the tolerance of this plant to different levels of salinity through some physiological characteristics, the present experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design with five treatments consisting of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM NaCl concentrations and three replications. The results showed that with enhancement in salinity levels, sodium, proline, soluble sugars and carotenoids content increased but potassium content, potassium to sodium ratio and amounts of chlorophyll a and b declined. Salinity had no significant effect on chlorophyll a+b content, chlorophyll a/b ratio and relative water content. Plants were destroyed at 200 mM concentration after 21 days. Since potassium to sodium ratio was lower than 1 at 100 and 150 mM concentrations, continuing of salinity would has presumably led to the destruction of plants in these treatments.<br /> University of TabrizJournal of Plant Physiology and Breeding2008-51687220171201Effect of Different Herbicides and Salicylic Acid Treatment on the Photosynthetic Efficiency of Corn Cultivars Using Chlorophyll a Fluorescence Transient Curve Analysisاثر علفکشهای مختلف و تیمار با اسید سالیسیلیک روی کارآیی فتوسنتزی ارقام ذرت با استفاده از منحنیهای فلورسانس کلروفیل a31407973ENSoheilaPorheidar Ghafarbi1Department of Agronomy and Plant Breading, University of Tehran, Karaj, IranHamidRahimian MashhadiDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breading, University of Tehran, Karaj - IranHasanAlizadehDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breading, University of Tehran, Karaj, IranSirousHassannejadDepartment of Plant Eco-Physiology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz - IranJournal Article20161231Photosynthesis is an essential part of the plant function and metabolism and a number of herbicides inhibit certain photosynthetic activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of some herbicides including Topik, Titos, Equip, Mister, Lumax, Bromicide and Oltima on the photosynthetic efficiency of three corn cultivars (CC-260, 400, 704) in response to salicylic acid (SA) treatment via chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) transient curve (OJIP) analysis. Result showed that Topik, Titos, Equip, Mister and Oltima herbicides had no effect on the ChlF. In contrast, Bromicide and Lumax changed the shape of the ChlF curve as I phase of the OJIP curve was lost and the fluorescence level in the J step was close to I stape. However, application of SA improved the shape of the OJIP curve similar to normal samples. SA application under Bromicide and Lumax treatments un-blocked the electron transfer between Q<sub>A</sub> and Q<sub>B</sub> of PSII. Our study clearly indicated that the effect of SA on the I-P part of the ChlF curve was more than other parts. Thus, the effect of SA on the PSI activity was more than that of PSII under these herbicide treatments.<br /> University of TabrizJournal of Plant Physiology and Breeding2008-51687220171201Effect of Putresine and Methyl Jasmonate on Antioxidant Responses in Peel and Pulp of Orange (Citrus sinensis L. var. Valencia) Fruitتاثیر پوتریسین و متیل جاسمونات روی پاسخ های آنتی اکسیدانی در پوست و گوشت میوه های پرتقال رقم والنسیا41527974ENSoheilaMohammadrezakhaniDepartment of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, IranZahraPakkishDepartment of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, IranVahid RezaSaffariDepartment of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, IranJournal Article20160527<br />This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of putrescine and methyl jasmonate on lipid peroxidation and altering the peroxide hydrogen of peel and pulp of Valencia orange fruit. Orange fruits were treated with 0 (control), 2.5 and 5 mM putrescine, and 0 (control), 10 and 20 µM methyl jasmonate, then stored at 5±1 °C, 85-90% relative humidity for four months. Oranges treated with 5 mM putrescine and 10 µM methyl jasmonate had significantly lower lipid peroxidation and peroxide hydrogen of peel and pulp and lower chilling injury percentage than the non-treated fruits. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity was considerably increased in the treated and non-treated fruits but, the treated fruits exhibited significantly lower activity of PPO. Peroxidase (POD) activity increased at first and then decreased. However, the treated fruits exhibited significantly higher activity of POD than the control fruits during the storage period. In conclusion, fruits treated with 5 mM putrescine combined with 10 µM methyl jasmonate showed the best effect.<br /> University of TabrizJournal of Plant Physiology and Breeding2008-51687220171201In Vitro Propagation of Lisianthus (Eustomagr andiflurom)بررسی ریزازدیادی گیاه لیسانتوس (Eustoma grandiflurom)53647989ENRooholahJafariMSc, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranAhmadMoieniDepartment of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranGhasemKarimzadehDepartment of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-8209-3287ZahraMovahediDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, IranJournal Article20160508Nowadays, the most rapid method for producing healthy and disease-free Lisiantus is micropropagation. With respect to high economic value of this plant which is regarded among the 10 top cutting flowers in the world, this research was carried out to suggest a suitable protocol for its <em>in vitro </em>propagation, using nodal sections as an explant. To carry out this object, the effects of the pH (5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8), culture vessel (small glass bottle, large glass bottle, polypropylene container), the concentration of macro elements, including NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub> (1.45, 1.65, 1.85 g L<sup>-1</sup>), KNO<sub>3</sub> (1.7, 1.9, 2.1 g L<sup>-1</sup>), CaCl<sub>2</sub>.2H<sub>2</sub>O (0.66, 0.44, 0.24 g L<sup>-1</sup>), MgSO<sub>4</sub>.7H<sub>2</sub>O (0.43, 0.37, 0.31 g L<sup>-1</sup>), KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> (0.13, 0.17, 0.21 g L<sup>-1</sup>), and the concentration of sucrose (25, 30, 35, 40 g L<sup>-1</sup>) were investigated in four independent experiments. The effects of the different studied factors were significant on the shoot regeneration. Results showed that pH 5.7 and the use of 35 g L<sup>-1</sup> sucrose in MS medium were the best treatments for improving the number of shoots per explants (2.25 and 2 shoots, respectively). Moreover, increasing KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> concentration in MS medium produced the highest number of shoots per explant (3.5 shoots). The polypropylene container was also the best culture container for the lisianthus micropropagation (7.5 shoots per explant).<br /> <br /> University of TabrizJournal of Plant Physiology and Breeding2008-51687220171201Histological Responses of Two Wheat Species to Azospirillum Inoculation under Dryland Farmingپاسخ های آناتومی دو گونه گندم به تلقیح با آزوسپیریلوم تحت شرایط دیم67797999ENTaiebehJafarianDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, IranMohammad JavadZareaDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, IranAdelSiosemardehDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, IranJournal Article20161128In this experiment the effect of inoculation with <em>Azospirillum</em> on the flag leaf and spike rachis anatomical features and also on grain yield and grain weight was investigated for the first time in bread and durum wheats during 2015-2016 growing season under semi-arid condition. The crop yield increased due to the inoculation with <em>Azospirillum</em> with a maximum yield increase of about 8.0 per cent for bread wheat. <em>Azospirillum</em> led to an increase in grain weight per spike. Yield increase due to <em>Azospirillum</em> inoculation was higher for bread wheat than durum wheat. The two wheat species exhibited differences in flag leaf and spike axis anatomic features. Although <em>Azospirillum</em> inoculation decreased the number of flag leaf stomata by 11.5% irrespective of the wheat type, stomatal length of the inoculated plants increased by about 3.6 and 11.5% for bread wheat and durum wheat, respectively. <em>Azospirillum</em> inoculation significantly enhanced the area and length of xylem and phloem vessels by about 12.5 and 12.39% and 14.42 and 33.33%, respectively. Area of the bundle sheath and mesophyll layers of inoculated plants was increased by 20 and 31.5%, respectively. <em>Azospirillum</em> inoculation enhanced the area of upper and lower epidermis of the bread wheat much more than the durum wheat. Anatomic changes due to <em>Azospirillum</em> was not limited to the flag leaf but also extended to the spike rachis and, therefore the inoculated plants had higher area of vascular bundle, xylem vessel and phloem vessel. Overall,the effect of<em> Azospirillum</em> on anatomical features and grain yield of wheat was slightly species specific and it was more pronounced in the bread wheat as compared to the durum wheat.<br /> University of TabrizJournal of Plant Physiology and Breeding2008-51687220171201Physico-Chemical Evaluation of Some Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) Ecotypes Under Salt Stress Conditionارزیابی فیزیکی-شیمیایی برخی اکوتیپهای افسنطین (Artemisia absinthium L.) در شرایط تنش شوری81908000ENRaanaSharifivashDepartment of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, IranMajidShokrpourDepartment of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran0000-0001-9377-554XJournal Article20161029The physiological and biochemical responses of three ecotypes of <em>Artemisia absinthium</em> L. from Iran were evaluated under salinity conditions. Salinity treatments were made by NaCl with EC of 0, 5, 10 and 15 dS/m. Physiological and biochemical attributes were measured 30 days after the salt treatments imposed. Highest reduction in the shoot and root fresh weights was observed in the ecotypes of East Azarbaijan and Guilan at 10 and 15 dS/m salinity levels. The ecotype of Semnan was affected lesser by the same salinity levels than the control. Total chlorophyll showed a significant decrease at all salinity levels in all ecotypes. But the ecotype of East Azarbaijan showed a higher reduction at 10 and 15 dS/m salinity. Increasing the concentration of exterior salt led to increase the Na<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>−</sup> concentrations in leaves, stems and roots. The highest Na accumulation in stems was found in the ecotype of East Azarbaijan at 10 and 15 dS/m. The highest proline was detected in the ecotype of Semnan. The results indicated that there was different responses to salinity among the studied <em>Artemisia absinthium</em> ecotypes. The ecotypes of Semnan and Guilan were more salt tolerant than the East Azarbaijan ecotype. The relative tolerance of the ecotype of Semnan was due to the high amount of output capacity of Na<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration, as well as its proline content.<br /> University of TabrizJournal of Plant Physiology and Breeding2008-51687220171201Reaction of Some Sorghum Varieties Against Grain Mold and Fumonisin Accumulationارزیابی واکنش ارقام سورگوم دانهای به بیماری پوسیدگی دانه و تجمع فومونسین91978093ENMohammadrezaShiriSeed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, IranVahidRahjooSeed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, IranLalehEbrahimiPlant Protection Research Department, Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center (AREEO), Ardabil, IranJournal Article20161130<br /> Grain mold caused by <em>Fusarium verticillioides</em> is one of the most dangerous food and feed safety challenges in sorghum production. The most efficient solution for reducing the hazards of the disease is breeding resistant varieties. In order to find the resistant sorghum varieties, nine sorghum varieties were evaluated for their reaction to <em>F. verticillioides</em> and fumonisin accumulation in their kernels under field conditions in Ardabil Agricultural Research Station, Moghan region, Iran (39° 41' N 47° 32' E, with 40-50 m above sea level), using a randomized complete block design with three replications. For artificial inoculation, sorghum panicles were sprayed with the mixture of spore suspension at 50% flowering stage. Two months after inoculation, disease severity was evaluated based on disease progress in each panicle. In addition, total fumonisin produced on sorghum kernels was measured using ELISA kits. The results showed that among studied varieties, KGS12 and KGS15 were moderately resistant and the other eight varieties were highly susceptible or susceptible to grain mold. The mean grain yield under artificial infection showed a reduction of 46.2% in comparison to the natural infection condition (control). The fumonisin accumulation in grains varied from 0.35 ppm (in KGS11 variety) to 1.83 ppm (in Sepideh variety) at the artificial infection condition, while the range was from 0 ppm (in the Kimia variety) to 0.16 (in the KGS15 variety) at the natural infection condition. The mean fumonisin accumulation under natural and artificial infection conditions was 0.07 and 1.00 ppm, respectively, which showed an increase of 1328% in comparison to the control treatment. In general, KGS12 and KGS15 were identified as superior varieties due to their lower disease severity and fumonisin accumulation and acceptable grain yield as compared with other varieties.<br /> University of TabrizJournal of Plant Physiology and Breeding2008-51687220171201Use of Physiological Parameters for Screening Drought Tolerant Barley Genotypesاستفاده از صفات فیزیولوژیکی برای غربال ژنوتیپهای متحمل به خشکی جو991108100ENSoleimanMohammadiSeed and Plant Improvement Research Department, West Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, AREEO, Urmia, IranBehzadSorkhiSeed and Plant Improvement Institute, Cereals Research Department, AREEO, Karaj, IranJournal Article20170223<br /> With the aim of understanding and identifying the traits which can be used as the suitable criteria for quick screening of the water deficit tolerant barley genotypes, an experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications was conducted during two years to evaluate the biochemical responses of 20 barley genotypes to full irrigation and terminal water stress in the field condition. Results showed large genetic differences among barley genotypes in response to water deficit, which could be utilized in breeding programs. Proline, sucrose, glucose, fructose, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), auxin, gibberellin and abscisic acid (ABA) content were significantly affected by different irrigation conditions and genotypes. Water deficit significantly increased proline, carbohydrates accumulation and activities of CAT, SOD, GPX and ABA concentration in the barley genotypes. However, indole acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) contents decreased under the terminal water stress. Cluster analysis showed that genotypes 11, 18 and 19 had higher values of proline, fructose, glucose, IAA, GA3, GPX, CAT and SOD. These genotypes could be considered as drought tolerant genotypes which can tolerate unfavorable environmental conditions as compared to other genotypes through overproduction of some osmolytes, effective phyto-hormone signaling and better antioxidant enzymes activity for scavenging reactive oxygen species and consequently enhanced potential for production of higher grain yield. Thus, it seems that biochemical and phyto-hormonal responses could be introduced as desirable and suitable indicators for screening genotypes with better potential under water deficit stress condition.<br /> <strong> </strong>